Innocent lamb. Some people say I'm crazy. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out between 1945 and 1949, the Trial of Major War Criminals being held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. . And he's been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize. Benjamin Ferencz: And I start screaming. Lesley Stahl: What was going on inside of you? The trials weren't perfect, but the Allies had wanted to shoot the defendants, so at least the . But they were real. [201], At the same time as the Nuremberg Charter was finalized, the Allies also signed the Potsdam Agreement, which provided for the mass expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe, so that certain acts for which Nazis were convicted at Nuremberg were therefore made an official policy of the Allies. [187] Pursuant to this law, United States forces had arrested almost 100,000 Germans as war criminals. The first of the Nuremberg trials was to be the biggest murder trial in human history, with 21 Nazi leaders appearing before the court charged with the deaths of millions of innocent people during . Monday, Aug. 16, 2021, in Des Moines . And that's how 27-year-old Ben Ferencz became the chief prosecutor of 22 Einsatzgruppen commanders at trial number 9 at Nuremberg. #. Lesley Stahl: They're making them run to their own death? It was the first time that international tribunals . [19], The Nuremberg Charter upended the traditional view of international law by holding individuals, rather than states, responsible for breaches of international law. Many of the worst offenders were not prosecuted, for logistical or financial reasons. Yes. It helps people understand the human consequences of the things that are going on today and to understand the human dimension of what these kinds of events mean, said Cohen. [229] Some defenders of the trial argued that the legal principle of nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without law) was not binding in international proceedings. And the stories he heard in those camps. [33], The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. [120] Ultimately, the French prosecution was unable to convince the court that Germanization was a crime against humanity, and incidents such as the German annexation of AlsaceLorraine went unmentioned in the final verdict. September 30, 2021 Stanford scholars expand digital database with historic records from the Nuremberg Trial. 27 Aug 2021. His equivocations, standing in sharp contrast to his genocidal editorial line reflected in slogans like Germany will live as long as it sees the Jews as the mortal enemy of mankind, are now available online for the first time along with hundreds of additional hours of audio and video recordings from the trials of 24 Nazis that ended 1946, nearly 75 years ago. [138], From March to July 1946, the defense presented its counterarguments. So the world is changing. He never stops pushing his message and he's donating his life savings to a Genocide Prevention Initiative at the Holocaust Museum. A team of over 1,000 lawyers and over 10,000 medical experts led by Dr. Reiner Fuellmich have begun legal proceedings against the CDC, WHO & the Davos Group for crimes against humanity. Ben Ferencz in court: The charges we have brought accuse the defendants of having committed crimes against humanity. Bus Tours. Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. I got on the next plane, flew from Berlin down to Nuremberg, and I said to Taylor, "General, we've gotta put on a new trial.". The International Military Tribunal, more commonly known at the Nuremberg trials, began this week 75 years ago in Nuremberg, Germany.The trials were a series of military tribunals held to convict major Nazi German leaders on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes. Marie-Claude Valliant Couturier revealed the conditions under which French women existed while interned; 49 of the 230 French women sent to Auschwitz survived. [94] All defendants pleaded not guilty. The speech was favorably received by the prosecution, the tribunal, the audience, historians, and even the defendants. Benjamin Ferencz: That was their assignment, come in behind the troop, round up the Jews, kill 'em all. [10][11], Of all the Allies, the Soviet Union lobbied most intensely for trying the defeated German leaders for aggression in addition to war crimes. 40 years on from the Majdanek trial verdict. [100], On 21 November, Jackson gave the opening speech for the prosecution. He was carrying out his government's instructions. Testimony is ultimately human narratives, and it means a lot to help keep those voices alive through time and space so that we can learn from history and hopefully better understand the implications of atrocities carried out in different cultural and historical contexts, said Penelope Van Tuyl, associate director of the Center for Human Rights and International Justice, who has also contributed to the preservation efforts and development of the Virtual Tribunals exhibit platform. [44] As the numerically strongest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Gring (at the left edge on the first row of benches). But he isn't content just being a part of 20th-century history -- he believes he has something important to offer the world right now. [146][148] Six defendants were charged with the German invasion of Norway, and their lawyers argued that this invasion was undertaken to prevent a British invasion; a cover-up prevented the defense from capitalizing on this argument. [60] The American prosecution became derailed during attempts to provide evidence of the German annexation of Austria. June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM Jackson submitted his final report to President Truman one week after the verdicts. This additional collection, to be known as the Taube Archive of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, will allow the public to easily browse and discover the contents of over 5,000 trial records including 250,000 pages of digitized paper documents showing in meticulous detail the efforts of the IMT, a group of representatives from four Allied countries the U.S., the U.K., the Soviet Union and France who were tasked with prosecuting former officials of the Third Reich and holding them accountable for the horrific acts inflicted during World War II and the Holocaust. [126] Lev Smirnov presented evidence on the Lidice massacre in Czechoslovakia, adding that such destruction of villages had occurred throughout eastern Europe. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, I'm still a young man. Twelve Nazi leaders were sentenced to death by hanging. 1/6. On Thursday, Florida Gov. [121], On 8 February, the Soviet prosecution opened its case with a speech by Rudenko that covered all four prosecution charges, highlighting both aggressive war and the devastation of Eastern Europe[122] and listing many crimes committed by the German occupiers against the Soviet people. [192] Members of the SS were tried in the Pohl trial, which focused on members of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office that oversaw SS economic activity, including the Nazi concentration camps;[193] the RuSHA trial of Nazi racial policies; and the Einsatzgruppen trial, in which members of the mobile killing squads were tried for the murder of more than one million people behind the Eastern Front. Gabrielle Karampelas, Stanford Libraries: (650) 497-4414, gkaram@stanford.edu. [64] The division of labor, and the haste with which the indictment was prepared, resulted in duplication, imprecise language, and lack of attribution of specific charges to individual defendants. [132][169] Through a compromise among the judges, the charge of conspiracy was narrowed to a conspiracy to wage aggressive war. Posted Wed 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm Wednesday 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm Wed 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm. Part of an artillery battalion, he landed on the beach at Normandy and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. As U.S. forces liberated concentration camps, his job was to rush in and gather evidence. [222] By the late 1950s, the West German consensus on release began to erode, due to greater openness in political culture and new revelations of Nazi criminality, including the first trials of Nazi perpetrators in West German courts. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials . Lesley Stahl: What turns a man into a savage beast like that? Another man was sentenced to death in absentia. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to try those accused of Nazi war crimes. [236][237], The trials were the first use of simultaneous interpretation, which stimulated technical advances in translation methods. So you see these human stories which are not -- they're not real. [115], From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. Fact check:Doctors' Trial was one of 13 Nuremberg Trials. A Supreme Court justice led the American team of prosecutors. 2021 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. [156], On 31 August, closing arguments were presented. Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Channette Alexander). [52][46] The Soviet personnel's lack of knowledge of English, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions also limited their influence. And you know what keeps me going? . [233] In 1950, the International Law Commission drafted the Nuremberg principles to codify international criminal law, although the Cold War prevented the adoption of these principles until the 1990s. [190][191] Also on trial were industrialistsin the Flick trial, the IG Farben trial, and the Krupp trialfor using forced labor, looting property from Nazi victims, and funding SS atrocities. [228] The most controversial charge was crimes against peace. You may have given little thought to the role Native Americans played in the creation of the U.S. Constitution. Ben Ferencz entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. subscribe to Stanford Report. [168], The judgment found that there was a premeditated conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, the goals of the conspiracy being "the disruption of the European order as it had existed since the Treaty of Versailles" and "the creation of a Greater Germany beyond the frontiers of 1914". 2021 19:03. Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Channette Alexander), (Image credit: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Courtesy Randy Cole), Stanford Center for Human Rights and International Justice, is an expanded repository of digital records, A better, faster tool for saving water on farms. [167] The judges were aware that both the Allies and the Axis had planned or committed acts of aggression, writing the verdict carefully to avoid discrediting either the Allied governments or the tribunal. The indictment lodged against them contained four counts: (1) crimes against peace (i.e., the planning, initiating, and waging of wars of aggression in violation of . The United States and the United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of war crimes prosecutions after World War I. The trials, conducted at a military tribunal with judges from Allied nations including the Soviet Union, were a seminal milestone in the creation of modern international law in general and the prosecution of crimes against humanity. Benjamin Ferencz: They were 3,000 SS officers trained for the purpose, and directed to kill without pity or remorse, every single Jewish man, woman, and child they could lay their hands on. Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. Despite being accused of the same crimes, Sauckel was sentenced to death, while Speer was given a prison sentence because the judges considered that he could reform. He says he's grateful for the life he's lived in this country, and it's his turn to give back. Episode 10 - Too Much Paper . Published Jul 14, 2021. [182] Nikichenko released a dissent approved by Moscow that rejected all the acquittals, called for a death sentence for Hess, and convicted all the organizations. [158][136] In contrast to the opening prosecution statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. It's never been done before. [10] The declaration also stated that those high-ranking Nazis who had committed crimes in several countries would be dealt with jointly. I know I'm right. She said: "The Nuremberg Code relates to research, where the emphasis of informed consent requirements is on preventing the research participants from being used as a means to an end. FALSE: "Nuremberg Trial 2" took place due to the atrocities committed against humanity. [175][176], Four organizations were ruled to be criminal: the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the SS, the Gestapo, and the SD, although some lower ranks and subgroups were excluded. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. [151], In order to appease concerns about fair process, the defendants were allowed a free hand with their witnesses and a great deal of irrelevant testimony was heard. [80][81] The aim was to have these organizations declared criminal, so that their members could be tried expeditiously for membership in a criminal organization. A 103-year-old South Florida man who fought Nazi atrocities as a Nuremberg prosecutor is now the recipient of the Governor's Medal of Freedom. [84][85] The American prosecution drew on reports of the Office of Strategic Services and information provided by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and the American Jewish Committee. This footage came to light years later. Seven defendants (Hess, Funk, Raeder, Dnitz, Schirach, Speer, and Neurath) were sent to Spandau Prison to serve their sentences. [133], Inspired by the films shown by the American prosecution, the Soviet Union commissioned three films for the trial: The German Fascist Destruction of the Cultural Treasures of the Peoples of the USSR, Atrocities Committed by the German Fascist Invaders in the USSR, and The German Fascist Destruction of Soviet Cities, using footage from Soviet filmmakers as well as shots from German newsreels. [210] As the Cold War began, the rapidly changing political environment began to affect the effectiveness of the trials. [111][112] The British case covered invasions, from that of Poland to that of the Soviet Union, which Shawcross covered in the second part of his speech;[113] these charges took three days to present, with Maxwell Fyfe detailing 15 treaties broken by Germany. [214] By then, the Americans were hoping to use the offer of pardon to convicted war criminals in order to bind West Germany to the Western Bloc. Thanks to a grant from Tad Taube and Taube Philanthropies, now, on the 75th anniversary of the first major international war crimes trial ending, a significant new collection of digital materials will be made available to the public. People get discouraged. Nrnberg trials, Nrnberg also spelled Nuremberg, series of trials held in Nrnberg, Germany, in 1945-46, in which former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal. This week, the U.S. [55], The work of drafting the indictment was divided up by the national delegations. [73] Also on trial were propagandists Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche; Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy who had flown to Britain in 1941; Hans Frank, governor-general of the General Governorate of Poland; Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach; Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands; and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the leader of Himmler's Reich Main Security Office. [163] Contrary to the prosecution, the verdict dated the planning of aggression to the 1937 Hossbach Memorandum and not to the founding of the Nazi Party. And he said, "Can you do this in addition to your other work?" A bust of Ferencz was just installed outside that Nuremberg courtroom where he argued almost three-quarters of a century ago. [123] The next week, the Soviet prosecution suddenly produced former field marshal Friedrich von Paulus, captured after the Battle of Stalingrad, as a witness and questioned him about the preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [66][67] The prosecutors wanted to try representative leaders of German politics, economy, and military; and the Americans had a list of 70 names at the London Conference. [89] Because of the loose evidentiary rules, photographs, charts, maps, and films played an important role in making incredible crimes believable. Benjamin Ferencz: A father who, his son told me the story. Just put 'em in the ditch. Screenshot from film showing the Einsatzgruppen at work. Institutional rivalries hampered the search. [194] Luftwaffe general Erhard Milch was tried for using slave labor and deporting civilians. Lesley Stahl: Going on right this minute in Sudan. [67] Former Nazis were allowed to serve as counsel[45] and by mid-November all defendants had lawyers. I am naive? The only part of the French charges that were accepted by the judges was the deportation of Jews from France and other parts of Western Europe. It prevents a battery or negligence, and protects the autonomy rights of the patient. 5. Benjamin Ferencz: He's not a savage. [205] Where the prosecution was disappointed by some of the verdicts, the defense could take satisfaction. [99] Nevertheless, defense lawyers (although not most of the defendants) often argued that the prosecution was trying to promote German collective guilt and forcefully countered this as a strawman argument. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Lesley Stahl: You've really seen evil. The defendants' lawyers jointly appealed to the court, claiming it did not have jurisdiction against the accused; but this motion was rejected. [60] Conspiracy charges were especially central to the cases against propagandists and industrialists; the former were charged with providing the ideological justification for war and other crimes, while the latter were accused of economic mobilization without which no war would have been possible. [37] Nineteen states ratified the charter and were admitted as observers. I hear it here for the first time." The claim has circulated widely online, including in this November 24, 2021 article (archived here) published by biotechexpressmag.com titled "Team of 1,000 lawyers and 10,000 Medical Experts Start Nuremberg 2 Trial against World Leaders for Crimes Against Humanity." It opened: [3] War losses in the Soviet Union alone included 27 million dead, mostly civilians, which was .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}17th of the prewar population. And I said, "Sure." [235] In the 1990s, a revival of international criminal law included the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), which were widely seen as part of the legacy of the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials. The father had died just as we were entering the camp. Nearly 75 years ago, the Nuremberg Trial came to a close when on Oct. 1, 1946, a group of convicted Nazi leaders was sentenced by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during World War II and the Holocaust. Never again doesnt mean anything unless you know what has happened and why, said Cohen, who has partnered with Stanford Libraries to digitally archive the records and create a searchable website for the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (1945-1946). And they're chasing them. Nuremberg war crimes trials 70 years on: a complex legacy. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, if it's naive to want peace instead of war, let 'em make sure they say I'm naive. COVID-19 vaccination does not violate the Nuremberg Code . Nearly 75 years ago, the Nuremberg Trial came to a close when on Oct. 1, 1946, a group of convicted Nazi leaders was sentenced by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) for crimes against peace . Benjamin Ferencz: No. The bill was introduced by Reps. Lois Frankel (D-Fla.), Joe Wilson (R-S.C.), Ted Deutch (D-Fla.), Gus Bilirakis (R-Fla.), Jim McGovern (D-Mass.) [198] The trials targeted 177 defendants and obtained 142 convictions, including 25 death sentences;[199] the severity of sentencing was related to the defendant's proximity to mass murder. "Informed consent for treatment serves a slightly different purpose. Brigadier General Telford Taylor was Chief of Counsel during the Doctors Trial. 06/29/2021. [161][162], The International Military Tribunal agreed with the prosecution that aggression was the gravest charge against the accused, stating in its judgement that because war in general is evil, "To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole. Ralf Bosen. Three were acquitted and the rest given long prison sentences. One of America's most recognized and experienced broadcast journalists, Lesley Stahl has been a 60 Minutes correspondent since 1991. Watching Ben Ferencz during his daily swim, his gym workout and his morning push-up regimen is to realize he isn't just the sunniest man we've ever met -- he may also be the fittest. General Telford Taylor, in charge of the Nuremberg trials, asked him to direct a team of researchers in Berlin, one of whom found a cache of top-secret documents in the ruins of the German foreign . [43] The United States prosecution believed that Nazism was the product of a German deviation from Western history (the Sonderweg thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries . For the past seven years, Stanford Libraries has been working with the Registry of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague to obtain a complete digital corpus of the Nuremberg Trial in support of the Virtual Tribunal of the Stanford Center for Human Rights and International Justice. [146][147] Defense lawyer Alfred Seidl[de] repeatedly tried to disclose the secret protocols of the GermanSoviet pact. [181] All three acquittals (Papen, Schacht, and Fritzsche) were based on a deadlock between the judges; these acquittals surprised observers. The New Nuremberg Trials 2021. And I see the progress. [129] The Soviet prosecution also attempted to fabricate German responsibility for the Katyn massacre, which had in fact been committed by the Soviet Union. [38], In early 1946, there were a thousand employees from the four countries' delegations in Nuremberg, of which about two-thirds were from the United States. Ferencz told us he is still haunted by the things he saw. [39] Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators and interpreters, and graphic designers, the latter to make the many charts used during the trial. Lesley Stahl: Now, you've been at this for 50 years, if not more. [217][218] The last prisoner was released in 1958. [61], The problem of translating the indictment and evidence into the three official languages of the tribunal, as well as German, was severe due to the scale of the task and difficulty in recruiting interpreters, especially in the Soviet Union. Defendants-- absolutely blank. A high court recently . The trial of 22 Nazi leaders began on Nov. 20, 1945, and the Tribunal pronounced its judgment on Oct. 1, 1946. [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. Benjamin Ferencz: He was not ashamed of that. You know? Series of military trials at the end of World War II, This article is about the series of international trials. [103], Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. [132] The inclusion of Katyn in the charges undermined the credibility of Soviet evidence in general. There's the rabbi coming along there. Other generals were tried in the High Command Trial for plotting wars of aggression, issuing criminal orders, deporting civilians, using slave labor, and looting in the Soviet Union. [1] Most of the defendants were also charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. At a later date, more multimedia such as film, audio recordings, photographs will be added to the collection. [106][107] The Americans summoned Einsatzgruppen commander Otto Ohlendorf, who testified about the murder of 80,000 people by those under his command, and SS general Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, who admitted that German anti-partisan warfare was little more than a cover for the mass murder of Jews.
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