thalassemia minor and covid immunity

Risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by transfusion: A literature review. De Sanctis V, Canatan D, Corrons JLV, et al. Al-Shamsi HO, Alhazzani W, Alhuraiji A, Coomes EA, Chemaly RF, Almuhanna M, Wolff RA, Ibrahim NK, Chua MLK, Hotte SJ, Meyers BM, Elfiki T, Curigliano G, Eng C, Grothey A, Xie C. Oncologist. People with beta thalassemia minor might never know they have the disease. That means your genetic sex (based on which sex chromosomes you have) doesnt influence whether you inherit the condition. Most states offer religious exemptions from school vaccine requirements, and some provide exemptions on philosophical grounds. Iron overload: Frequent transfusions due to thalassemia can cause a build up of iron in the blood, which can, in turn, lead to heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, and other issues.These conditions are linked to poorer COVID-19 outcomes. Researchers found inconsistent findings but did identify certain trends suggesting that blood type A might predispose one to increased susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), or that type O and Rh-negative blood groups might be protective. FDA Approves First Cell-Based Gene Therapy to Treat Adult and Pediatric Patients with Beta-thalassemia Who Require Regular Blood Transfusions. Daidone R, Carollo A, Perricone MP, Messina R, Balistreri CR. In order of increasing severity, its classified as: People with beta thalassemia minor usually dont develop symptoms and have mild anemia. Jean-Mignard E, et al. Orphanet J Rare Dis. At this time, scientists are just beginning to learn how a diagnosis of thalassemia may affect the risk of COVID-19, potential complications, and how the pandemic may affect treatment, but preliminary research has revealed some trends. -, Motta I, Migone De Amicis M, Pinto VM, et al. The result will depend on the number of affected genes. Thalassemias are inherited disorders characterized by abnormal production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Everybody except for 1 of the 16 people in the study required regular blood transfusions. About 1.5% of the worlds population carry HBB mutations that cause beta thalassemia. Li J, et al. Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a cell, isolated from a . A 2022 study found that people with beta-thalassemia trait were also at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. It protects the epithelial barriers from pathogens and modulates excessive immune responses in . While the research is early and there is much left to be learned, people who have thalassemia (at least some types) may be more susceptible to contracting coronavirus and having a serious outcome. Needs T, et al. This condition can cause abrupt changes in blood pressure or heart rate that may worsen a person's condition during a COVID-19 infection. Some genes contribute to the alpha chain, while others contribute to the beta chain. (2022). Thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. People who are moderate to severely immunocompromised may need additional doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to stay protected. The vaccines cannot give you COVID-19. ; 4 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences . Sadly, the reduction in the blood supply has led many people with thalassemia to receive fewer transfusions than usual, prompting healthcare providers caring for people with the condition to look for options that may reduce the need for or frequency of transfusions. Hemoglobin is the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. How do I know if I have thalassemia trait? This condition is called anemia. Beta thalassemia. This complication should be monitored and treated as it is for people with other forms of preexisting heart disease. There has also been a shortage at other steps in the process, such as personnel available to perform collections, as well as process and deliver donated blood. Methods: The clues have been mounting . Anemia can affect your weight, whether due to its impact on your appetite and activity levels or its underlying cause. may help support the immune system's ability to fight infections. According to research from 2020 and 2021, 93% of U.S. newborn screening programs provide some info on alpha-thalassemia and 85% provide info on beta-thalassemia. 2021;16(1):114.doi:10.1186/s13023-021-01757-w. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. "Long COVID" is a term meaning symptoms that persist after the infection has cleared. It's important to note that complications of thalassemia likely played a role in the severity of outcomes. The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is a contagious acute respiratory infectious disease whose causative agent has been demonstrated to be a novel virus of the coronavirus family, SARSCoV-2. This blood disorder causes your body not to produce enough hemoglobin. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. "We all recognize that we're not the same, but we have not been able, on a genetic basis, very often, to determine whether certain people with certain genes are more or less susceptible to get an infection if they're exposed to a germ," said William Schaffner, MD, an infectious disease specialist, and professor at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Some people with thalassemia have cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease). Epub 2020 Apr 27. A Southeast Asian perspective on the COVID-19 pandemic: hemoglobin E (HbE)-trait confers resistance against COVID-19. Genetic testing is the only way to confirm whether you carry the gene. On one side of the equation, glucocorticoids can slow the clearance of the virus from the respiratory tract. Jason DelCollo, DO, is a board-certified medicine physician and associate faculty member at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! April 20, 2020. ", Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. However, some limited evidence suggests that certain types of thalassemia may have some protective effect against COVID-19. They often share similar symptoms but have different causes as well as different treatments and severity. Update in laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia. Some of these release special . Comparing serum ferritin levels during COVID-19 infection and recovery period in pediatric patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia, a single-center study. COVID-19. Clin Lab Med. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Research suggests that people with thalassemia may be at a slightly increased risk of contracting COVID-19, especially those who are transfusion dependent which puts them at an increased risk of exposure to the virus. Lansiaux E, et al. People with beta thalassemia minor can have anemia so mild they dont know they have it. So, its important to know your status. Experts Explain. Additionally, COVID-19 has complicated some treatments for thalassemia, such as the availability of lifesaving blood transfusions. Learn more. Careers. The site is secure. These antigens help prompt a response from your body's immune system. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. They also may have antiviral effects and positive effects on the immune system, particularly with RNA viruses (viruses that have RNA as its genetic material, such as the virus causing COVID-19). Autosomal means the affected genes arent on sex chromosomes. doi:10.12659/MSMBR.929207, Drouin E. Beta-thalassemia may protect against COVID 19. Here, experts weigh in on what you really need to know. Vaccines & immunizations: Use of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. (2022). and transmitted securely. 2020;95(8):E208-E210. A person with beta thalassemia minor . This means you have lower levels of hemoglobin, which could result in mild anemia. Beta-thalassemia occurs when your body has trouble producing hemoglobin beta. In that event, it's advisable that the therapy be stopped until the infection has cleared. The most important thing you can do is make sure you are vaccinated and stay up to date on when boosters are needed. If the inherited mutation affects only one gene, you are a silent carrier for alpha-thalassemia. Your body produces a variety of different cells that fight invading germs. Shortness of breath is a common symptom of anemia. As published in the New England Journal of Medicine, several months after this non-heritable treatment, all patients no longer needed frequent . Bender MA, et al. Do people with thalassemia trait need treatment? Key areas covered include patients' risk level, adaptation of haemoglobinopathy care, safety of blood transfusions, blood supply challenges, and lifestyle and nutritional considerations. COVID-19 pandemic and care of transfusion-dependent patients of thalassaemia: Experience from a paediatric centre in North India. People with certain medical conditions. Experts estimate 1.5% of the worlds population to be carriers. Certain medications have been approved to reduce the frequency of transfusions needed. Beta-thalassemia trait is less common. Farmakis D, Giakoumis A, Angastiniotis M, Eleftheriou A. Epub 2020 Sep 15. For many people with alopecia areata, dietary changes and adding certain supplements can help manage and treat the condition. But some researchers believe it may, based on the primarily mild symptoms of COVID-19 in people with thalassemia found in a study out of Southeast Asia. Immunity is a complex process that involves a lot of moving parts. Impaired immune cell . "At the end of the day, we're still not sure if blood type makes a difference," said Dr. Russo. (2020). What Research Says About the Link Between COVID-19 and Blood Type, What the Blood Link Research Means for You, Omicron vs. Delta: How the 2 COVID-19 Variants Compare, ShinglesHerpes ZosterInfection May Be Linked to the COVID-19 Vaccine, Can COVID-19 Cause Diabetes? The ways that a healthcare provider diagnoses thalassemia depends on the type of thalassemia you have. Co-inheritance of -thalassaemia and -thalassaemia in a prenatal screening population in mainland China. Regardless of if a specific blood type is associated with a greater risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe disease, keep in mind that many other factors, such as age or existing health conditions, are likely to play a larger, dominant role in determining personal risk from COVID-19. In order to better describe the frequency and manifestations of COVID-19 in thalassemia patients living in France, we report the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred during the year 2020. Examples of coexisting conditions included insulin-dependent diabetes, heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, kidney disease, osteoporosis, hepatitis C, liver disease, and asthma. There are two types of alpha-thalassemia trait. Some of these include: Secondary infections (bacterial infections that develop in people with a viral infection such as COVID-19) may be more common in people with thalassemia, especially those who have had their spleen removed. Delaporta P, et al. (Note: The overall mortality rate for COVID-19 is currently less than 1%.). Thalassemias. A comprehensive update of ICET-A Network on COVID-19 in thalassemias: what we know and where we stand. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vaccine safety and effectiveness for people with beta thalassemia. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with -thalassemia: The French experience. Acta Biomed. Whats the outlook for people who have beta thalassemia? (2022). Its most common in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. Getting a COVID-19 vaccine can help people with beta thalassemia prevent severe disease and death. Should people with thalassemia take vitamins and mineral supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic? We studied 255 positive COVID-19 participants unvaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), consecutively . For those who develop COVID-19, doctors should be aware of this increased risk of a secondary bacterial infection so that antibiotics can be started early with any signs, such as a fever. However, as the situation surrounding COVID-19 continues to evolve, it's possible that some data have changed since publication. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The proposed measures and strategies may be useful as a blueprint for other disorders which require regular hospital visits, as well as for the timely adaptation of patient care during similar future pandemics. It's hard to focus on positives at this time, but sometimes making an effort can help you find a sense of gratitude that would otherwise be elusive. It's recommended that antibiotics be started immediately if people develop a fever or other signs of an infection. While it's always helpful to know your blood type, most people won't necessarily need to know that information. Here are some frequently asked questions people have about beta thalassemia and COVID-19 vaccines. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The study found that patients with blood types A and AB were found to be more likely to require mechanical ventilation and to require dialysis for kidney failure. In a very small French study, researchers found that people with thalassemia under the age of 60 had higher rates of severe disease and hospitalization than the general population. 2023 Feb 9;10:1056599. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1056599. Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Linked to Tinnitus? A Practical Approach to the Management of Cancer Patients During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An International Collaborative Group. (2016). If your MCV is too low, they may order further blood tests to check for thalassemia trait. Vaccination is particularly important for people with cardiovascular disease because theyre more likely to develop severe complications from COVID-19 infection. Learn more about its symptoms and how it's diagnosed. Thalassemia is a medical condition in which the body makes less hemoglobin than usual. 2020; 10.1002/ajh.25840 [Epub ahead of print]. Most cases are caused by a mutation in the HBB gene. But its most common in the Mediterranean, where incidence can be as high as 15%. Indian Pediatr. Guidelines for the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia, 3rd ed. They also had a higher chance of developing severe symptoms but didnt have higher rates of ICU admission. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. People with thalassemia minor or trait usually do not need blood transfusions because they either do not have anemia or have only a mild anemia. Since hemoglobin levels already run low for many people with thalassemia, the combination of factors has raised some concerns. COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; haemoglobinopathies; pandemic; thalassaemia. Amidst coronavirus outbreak, thalassemics are facing blood shortage concerns. Thats because two genes, HBA1 and HBA2, are responsible for making hemoglobin alpha. But again, experts say it's too early to know for sure. 2020;143:110014.doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110014, Motta I, De Amicis MM, Pinto VM, et al. eCollection 2022 Aug. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Med Hypotheses. The pandemic has been hard on everyone, especially those with chronic illnesses. The Johnson & Johnsons Janssen can rarely cause arterial thrombosis, a blood clot in an artery, in people with thrombocytopenia 4 to 30 days after vaccination. For those who have not yet started the medication, delaying the use of the medication should be considered. Several genes contribute to the production of hemoglobin. Knowledge of your blood type is usually important if you're undergoing a blood transfusion or organ transplantbut in those situations, your medical team will test your blood type beforehand. In particular, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, zinc, and selenium. Beta thalassemia minor or thalassemia trait. Last medically reviewed on April 6, 2023. What are the risks of having COVID if you have beta thalassemia? These transplants should proceed. The COVID-19 pandemic is putting a lot of burden on healthcare . The changing epidemiology of the ageing thalassaemia populations: a position statement of the Thalassaemia International Federation. PMC It can cause life threatening heart conditions, such as stroke. This can make them very anaemic (tired, short of breath and pale). Symptoms of moderate anemia may include: Beta thalassemia is caused by a genetic mutation inherited from one or both of your parents. Who's at Risk for Long COVID? In general, if both parents have thalassemia trait, theres a: Because more genes are involved in alpha-thalassemia trait, there are several possible outcomes depending on each parents combination of genes. They also shouldnt get it if they have a known allergy to a component of the vaccine. Its important for a doctor to order a blood test to confirm the cause of your symptoms to ensure you dont receive any unnecessary treatment. 2020 Jun;25(6):e936-e945. If your doctor suspects your child has thalassemia, he or she can confirm a diagnosis with blood tests. Those two factors make up the eight most common blood types: A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, and AB-. Before Thalassemia trait means you carry the gene that causes the disease, but you dont have the disease yourself. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. It's not known whether this therapy has any effect on the outcomes of COVID-19 in people with thalassemia. The one gene defect, beta thalassemia trait (minor), is asymptomatic and results in microcytosis and mild anemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;91(3):e2020026. It's been found that, in general, people who have COVID-19 often have significantly reduced hemoglobin levels, especially with severe disease. Thalassemia is a hereditary disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin.
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