Effect of rain shelter cultivation of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Chen, Y. Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, M. & Qian, J. These dominant cultivars have replaced the traditional cultivars, which has greatly improved the cultivar structure in China. Bu, J., Zhao, J. To meet the needs of large-scale development, grafting propagation with sour jujube as the rootstock has been widely used since the late 1980s. Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. Ser. The rooting rate can reach as high as 95%96, but its cost and technical requirements are relatively higher than those of other propagation techniques. Planting Tips. Li, D., Niu, X. Optimization of extraction conditions of -carotene in Chinese jujube fruits. PLoS Genet.12, e1006433 (2016). Huang, J. et al. Ploidy segregation and pure tetraploid acquirement from mixoploid (2x + 4x) Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 3. Commun.5, 5315 (2014). Jujube has also been successfully grafted onto Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam.) in Hetian, south Xinjiang province, northwest China. A strategy combining WGS sequencing, BAC-to-BAC and WGS-PCR-free library was employed to address the impact of the high complexity of the jujube genome, which has a high heterozygosity of 1.90%, a low GC content of 33.41% and a high density of simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) (378.1 per Mb). Zhao, Z. et al. Sin.41, 14951510 (2014). & Liu, M. Embryo abortion and young embryo culture of Chinese jujube. Multiomics-based analysis for the molecular formation mechanisms of some important traits. In the book Qi Min Yao Shu, published 1500 YA, it is clearly recorded that ancient Chinese people used to select the trees with the best tasting fruits of wild sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. The problem of hybrids not being obtained due to heavy early embryo abortion was solved by embryo rescue based on the understanding of the mechanism of embryo abortion and the factors affecting very young embryo culture. In vitro induction of tetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var. Jour. Mol. The domestication period (late Neolithic to the Shang Dynasty3000 YA). BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). Wang, L. et al. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). The presence of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied. Like many other deciduous fruit trees, jujubes are often propagated by grafting two genotypes or cultivars together. in Bucureti area. A taxonomic study on Chinese jujube and wild jujube. lageniformis Nakai, Z. jujuba Mill. Agrofor Syst 40:215225, Chirko CP, Gold MA, Nguyen PV, Jiang JP (1996) Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Q Jiang, H. & Liu, M. Studies on polyploid induction of Chinese jujube with colchicine. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. Zhao, A. et al. Moreover, at the end of the Shang Dynasty, the description of Jujube picked in August in the Book of Songs indicated that jujube orchards had appeared by at least 3000 YA. Mao, Y. et al. Updates? volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. Model checking. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. Stnic, F., Dicianu, D. E. & Butcaru, A. C. Jujube fruits behaviour at controlled atmosphere storage. The tissue culture of jujube began in 1978. Regarding the taxonomic relationship between jujube and sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. J. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Eur. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. 41, 8285 (2005). Cross-breeding, the most powerful breeding method for fruit trees, has not been successfully utilized in jujube. cv. Technol.33, 396402 (2015). Environ.11, 405409 (2013). Sin.45, 14231424 (2018). Univ.21, 124126 (2009). Plant Genet. Objectives such as tolerance to transportation and long storage life, varied ripening times, and multiple-use cultivars are marketers preferences. B Hortic.LXIII, 1724 (2019). The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits9,10 (Table 2). (4) The low-level processing techniques that imitate those used for other fruits and focus on solving the overproduction problem do not meet the requirements of postharvest value addition and demands for diversified, advanced, and internationalized new products. Comparing the tetraploid jujube cultivar Riguang and its diploid counterpart Dongzao, Riguang has wider and darker green leaves, higher chlorophyll content, a higher photosynthesis rate, larger stomata, larger pollen and flowers, wider and larger fruits, and an earlier maturation time but is also less vigorous and less cold hardy79. Stnic, F. Present status of jujube and advanced fruit growing techniques in Europe. The house that backs up to my house never had sprinklers in . (8) International exchange and cooperation: enhancing global jujube research, production, and marketing; promoting more international research, including multicountry, multisite variety, and technology testing, within bilateral agreements and especially with the help of the Jujube Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Sciences. The roots of Jujube tree can better stretch in the new pot soil and quickly adapt to the new soil. Univ. Peng, Y. Since the 1980s, various cultivation techniques focusing on high yield were developed for the leading cultivars and main production areas, which increased production by over 50%, increased the high-quality fruit rate by over 30%, and reduced pesticide use by over 50%102,103. Jujube fruit can become a part of international markets and a future popular superfruit. spinosa Hu), four viewpoints have been reported66, i.e., that they are the same species, that jujube is a variety of sour jujube, that sour jujube is a variety of jujube, or that they are two different species. Sci. Commun.42, 221224 (2006). Flora of China (Science Press, 2007). Bare root trees should be planted the same depth as in the nursery row (or no more than 1-inch below). Acta Hortic. Solar greenhouses along hillsides facing the sun in the Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province have the advantages of lower investment costs, better sunlight, and much better heat retaining properties than a traditional greenhouse by using the mountain as the back wall of the greenhouses107. Once the sucker has established a root system . Its fruit has the five basic elements of a superfruit, i.e., delicious taste, attractive appearance, nutrient density, safe consumption, and strong cultural meaning. However, green shoot cuttings (semilignified primary extension shoots, secondary shoots, and bearing shoots) root much more easily and have a high reproductive coefficient. Liu, M. Chinese jujube: botany and horticulture. Period. Genetic engineering has also made some advances, but these applications are not yet fully developed. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. J. Agric. Combining comparative genome, transcriptome, and metabolome data, the molecular mechanism underlying the high contents of ascorbic acid (AsA) and sugar in jujube fruit (~100 and 2 times those of apple, respectively) were revealed. Its fruit is smooth and bright, like a large red pearl. Additionally, according to the unearthed carbonized fruits, jujube was cultivated and utilized in China 7000 years ago. The cultivation of fresh jujubes in plastic shelters has resulted in great success in rainy southern China108; this method can greatly reduce the fruit cracking caused by rain at the maturity stage from 70 to <10%. J. Hortic. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. Jujube research in the future should more precisely respond to the needs of industry, markets, and government and could even actively create and lead these demands. Analysis of Bioactive Components and Extraction Technique of Wax in Jujube. Grades of Fresh Chinese Jujube Fruit (Standards Press of China, 2008). 7. BMC Genomics18, 855 (2017). Plant Syst. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Under normal room temperature and humidity conditions, fresh jujube loses moisture quickly and loses crispness within 35 days. Genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Chinese jujube and jujube SSR primer transferability. Acta Hortic. Int.39, 917923 (2006). Hebei12, 19 (1989). Corrections? Cent. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. Consumers usually prefer large fruits, but increasing fruit size by applying more fertilizer and plant regulators may result in poor fruit quality. An excellent new cultivar of Chinese jujube with high resistance to jujube witches broom disease Xingguang. PubMed Agrofor Syst 43:534, Schroth G, Zech W (1995) Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. Liu, D., Ye, X. A study on the classification of jujube and wild jujube by peroxidase isozyme. High-efficiency management systems for the main diseases and pests in jujube mentioned above have been established in China3,46,103. f. To date, ~700 jujube cultivars and 100 sour jujube genotypes have been evaluated. The fruit can be stored and transported easily. & Meng, X. Actuality and development of jujube grader. Currently, under the optimal storage conditions, half-red fresh jujube can be preserved for 23 months or even more than 4 months. Technol.226, 985989 (2008). Food Mach.12, 910 (2003). China Fruits6, 5153 (2017). J. Agric. Roman. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. Hebei12, 1013 (1989). Planta248, 11871199 (2018). Acad. Effects of controlled atmosphere storage and calcium treatment on the storage of Chinese jujube in fresh state. Rom. J. HortScience48, 672680 (2013). Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2019). Based on a systematic analysis of the unique characteristics of jujube, we suggest that it deserves to be recognized as a superfruit. & Li, Q. The genome sequencing of a drying jujube cultivar Junzao and the resequencing of some cultivated and wild jujubes identified the selective sweep regions involved in acid and sugar metabolism and provided insights into an important domestication pattern in fruit taste15. Three emasculation-free methods have been developed based on the discovery of two typical male-sterile germplasms and a group of self-fruitless/self-sterile germplasms that can replace male sterility42,43, which effectively overcame the key obstacle to artificial emasculation in jujube. affirmed Ziziphus (rather than Zizyphus), Z. jujuba Mill. Ji, Q. Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. Recently, some excellent new cultivars for fresh eating, such as Jinsi 4, Yueguang, Zaohongmi, Zaocumi, and Zaoqiuhong, and some for dehydration, such as Yuangling 2, Shuguang, Zanshuo, Yushuai, and Linhuang 1, with larger fruit, higher quality and higher resistance to fruit diseases than traditional cultivars, have become the dominant cultivars. This work was financially supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Project No. Acta Hortic. proposed that jujube evolved from wild sour jujube1 based on a systematic study of ancient books, ecological distributions, karyotyping, palynology, and isoenzymes as well as of the transitional types between jujube and sour jujube1. PLoS ONE10, e0134519 (2015). The end result is an incredibly fibrous and dense root system able to take up far more nutrients per volume than a similar tree in the ground would. Nat. This paper will systematically summarize its special characteristics and comparative advantages, historical and recent research advances, and future research prospects to guide researchers and professionals working on jujubes. A postharvest physiological study revealed the main factors influencing fruit preservation in jujube115. Li, H. et al. Exp. Hortic. Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhao, J. & Liu, M. Expression stabilities of candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:129140, Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Wang, L. et al. Hybrid plant production was increased by 100 times using the new system, and a large number of hybrid progeny were obtained from 19 cross combinations, of which a number of superior lines were selected70. North. Generally, growers prefer fruit trees that crop early, reach high and stable yields quickly, and have light pest pressure, easy management, low cultivation costs, and high economic benefits. This method can produce cross and reciprocal-cross hybrids at the same time85. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). have been excavated and utilized, which has greatly promoted the rapid development of the jujube industry. Analysis of QTL for needle length in Chinese jujube. The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2013). These factors included the culture media, inoculation methods, removal or maintenance of the seed coat, combination of growth regulators, and concentrations of lactalbumin hydrolysate, activated carbon, and sucrose86,87,88. & Tian, C. Study on the effect of the different heating processes on the quality of the Chinese date. Research status of jujube processing technology at home and abroad. Agric Water Manag 87:6172, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1990) A study of the potential of hedge row intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design. Acta Hortic. Specific reference genes for RT-qPCR of jujube were selected under a variety of conditions and sourced from different tissues/organs, fruit development stages, and biotic/abiotic stresses, providing more choices for further gene expression analysis and functional studies in jujube22,23,24,25,26. Wang, J., Liu, M. & Dai, L. Advances in tissue culture of Chinese jujube. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. This method is characterized by the direct sowing of the rootstock seeds (sour jujube) in orchards followed by the in situ grafting of the target cultivar. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). Liu, M. et al. Propagation is by seeds, although the commercial varieties must be propagated vegetatively by suckers, root cuttings, or grafting. Combining these genetic linkage groups with the assembled genome sequences, pseudomolecules for each of the 12 chromosomes of jujube were constructed. Agr. and cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Dongzao. For Ecol Manag 83:171180, Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou LB, Dordsas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. Part of Springer Nature. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. According to a comprehensive investigation, more than 100 pests and diseases have been observed in jujube1. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments3,4,11. J. Asian J. Chem.24, 792796 (2012). Stnic, F. Rezultate preliminare privind micronmulirea in vitro a curmalului chinezesc (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Research on jujube cultivation technology has a long history that includes fruitful achievements and has played an important role in promoting the jujube industry. Fruit drying technology has gradually changed from traditional natural drying under the sun to dehydration in a drying room or by drying machine129. The third is The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Jujube55, in which pictures and research data for 250 cultivars (57 table jujubes, 80 for dehydration, 82 for both dehydration and fresh eating, 17 for processing, and 14 ornamental varieties) were obtained from the National Chinese Jujube Repository (Taigu, Shanxi). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) carnosicalycis Wang), f. allochroa Cheng et Liu, f. heteroformis Cheng et Liu (Z. jujuba Mill. Based on the main contents of jujube research, the landmark achievements and the supporting role for jujube industry development, this period can be further subdivided into three stages3the period of recovery after World War II (19491978), the period of accelerating development (19791999), and the period of comprehensive development (20002019). Qu et al. ), also called Chinese date or Chinese jujube, is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world and is the most important species in the large cosmopolitan family Rhamnaceae in terms of its economic, ecological, and social importance. It's just a better tree for in-ground planting. BMC Genomics21, 191 (2020). Acta Agric. Wang, H. et al. ), sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng) and Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana L.). Zhao, Z. et al. Acta Hortic.840, 529532 (2009). Fruit. The established germplasm platforms include the following: (1) Internet Information System for Perennial and Asexual Crop Germplasm Resources (http://www.ziyuanpu.net.cn/), which includes the data observed for many years at the National Jujube Repository in Taigu, Shanxi, China; (2) Chinese Crop Germplasm Resources Information Systemjujube (http://www.cgris.net/query/croplist.php), where germplasm checking and analysis can be performed; and. More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. The 2019 Forum of China Jujube Industry, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (2019). Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2017). The beginning of this period was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Eng.3, 131136 (2016). Exploration and practice of a next generation cultivation system for Chinese jujube characterized by labor- saving, safety, high-quality and high-profit. It only needs light pruning because of its unique self-pruning habits: fruit-bearing shoots fall off in the fall, mother-bearing shoots extend only ~1mm a year, secondary shoots die back year by year, and only the tops of the primary shoots can extend (Fig. Acta Hortic. Lucrri tiinifice Ser. Review of researches on Chinese date high yield cultural theory and techniques. . Wang, Y. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). Sci., https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6464051 (2018). Spatial distribution of root length density (RLD, cm 125 cm) in a jujube trees grown alone for 5 years, b 5-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat, c jujube tree grown alone for 7 . Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. This new technology synchronously produces multiple products such as cyclic nucleotides, dietary fiber, and jujube oil from one raw material103. 0perennial shoot system in the dormant season, 1primary shoot, 2secondary shoot, 3mother-bearing shoot, 4fruit-bearing shoot, 5inflorescence, 6young fruit, 7longitudinal section of mature fruit, 8stone and kernel, 9the diverse shapes of jujube fruits, 10photograph of fruiting jujube. What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? & Huang, J. Construction of a high-density genetic map of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese people. Evaluation of Six Natural Variants and Screening of Genes Associated with Twisted Branches in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Lizao on Ziziphus rootstock) tree plantations have been planted densely to increase income, with a spacing of 3 m between tree rows and 2 m between trees in rows. et al. Food Sci.33, 4851 (2012). Consequently, the costs of cultivation and management for jujube are significantly lower than those for other common fruit trees. China Fruits2, 6470 (2015). Tree Genet. B, Hortic.LXI, 143154 (2017). - 148.251.123.50. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Wang, L. et al. Research methods should involve more new approaches, such as modern information technology and multiomics techniques. Yan, G. Cytological Studies on Chinese Jujube (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 1984). Bring to a moderate boil and simmer for 20 minutes, let cool, then boil for another 20 minutes. Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. research in Romania. In this period, the first jujube research monograph Da Zao Pu, written by Liu Guan (Yuan dynasty, 1300), which recorded 71 jujube cultivars, was published. Qu et al. Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Ashton PS (2000) Ecological theory of diversity and its applications to mixed species plantation systems. Zhao, J. et al. It ferments readily and lose firmness when it is tightly sealed in conventional plastic bags under cold storage. According to leaf fossils, jujube appeared in northern China 24 million years ago. Wang, J., Liu, L., Liu, M. & Zhou, J. Acquirement of new male sterile germplasm of Chinese jujube. However, the Rhamnaceae family was moved to the Rosales order in the APG III Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification based on chloroplast DNA sequencing (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III, 2009), which was further confirmed by phylogenic studies on the genome-sequenced plant species using 390 shared genes64. According to the authors investigation in Iran, all the jujube trees that were hundreds of years old were located at key sites on the ancient Silk Road, and Iranian scholars report that the jujube was introduced from China. Wang, Z. et al. When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. Huang, W., Wang, S. & Guo, H. Advances on cutting propagation techniques of Chinese jujube. Studies have also proven that sugar transport plays a significant role in sugar accumulation15,28 and jujube fruits have characteristics of nonclimacteric fruits15,29. Plant Genet. Asian J. Chem.24, 813815 (2012). Liu, M. & Cheng, C. A taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. 3). Food Res. The l-galactose pathway is the major route for jujube AsA biosynthesis, and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway show high-level expression during fruit development12. & Ma, Z. Comprehensive studies have shown that the most advantageous nutritional features of jujube fruit include its contents of soluble sugars (23 times the levels in other fruits), vitamin C (100 times the level in other fruits), cAMP (1000 times the level in other fruits), vitamin B, triterpenoid acid, proline, polysaccharide, flavonoids, iron, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Regarding the obvious differences in distribution, morphology, usage, and historical knowledge of jujube and sour jujube in China, Liu et al. Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Hou, S. & Li, X. drew the figure of the different organ morphologies of Chinese jujube. Stnic, F. Preliminary results regarding the behaviour of some Chinese date varieties (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Zhao, A., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Cao, Y. Construction of a dense genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of trunk diameter in Chinese jujube. The book Qi Min Yao Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty that was written 1500 years ago recorded the techniques of cultivar selection, planting, flower thinning, girdling, and jujube paste processing. Method 2: A self-fruitless or self-sterile variety is chosen as the female parent, and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility is chosen as the male parent. The genus Ziziphus was grouped into two sections based on geographical distribution, bearing shoot persistence, and leaf hairiness. Among them, the tetraploids Chenguang, Hongguang, Riguang, and Zhuguang, bred by Hebei Agricultural University, have been awarded new plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China. Hypobaric storage can delay ripening and aging and inhibit the fermentation of jujube fruit by providing low-temperature, low-oxygen storage conditions123. Hybridization using a new male-sterile germplasm as the female parent in Chinese jujube. Sugar transport played a more important role than sugar biosynthesis in fruit sugar accumulation during Chinese jujube domestication. Omissions? Hebei17, 110 (1994). However, there is little information about the response of jujube roots to the change from flood irrigation to drip . Water and fertilizer are the two main factors which promote the rapid growth of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees. Distribution and dynamics of fine roots length and biomass. M.L., J.W., L.W., S.Y., and F.S. Sci. & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. Our study was conducted to apply root pruning to test whether it can effectively inhibit the vigorous vegetative growth by regulating the competitive ability of the root system for water and nutrients. South Univ. Morphological, cytological and nutritional changes of autotetraploid compared to its diploid counterpart in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Acta Hortic. Moreover, 2000 years ago, jujube had spread throughout China, large-scale jujube commercial production areas had developed, and jujube had become one of the five most important fruit trees in China, namely, peach, apricot, plum, chestnut, and jujube. Growing jujube trees is not difficult as long as you have sandy, well-drained soil. Sin.41, 21152124 (2014). They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. This work was supported by grants from the Significant Fund of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation (grant number C2017204114), the National Science and Technology Support Plan of China (2019YFD1001605), the National Ten Thousand Talents Plan Leadership Project, and the Beijing Municipal Education Commission (CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000099).
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