The Antebellum South Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. The American Board of Foreign Missions (specifically its Northern members) refused to send him on a new mission unless he gave up the slaves. Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. Confederate constitution outlawed the African slave trade, supplying many Southern cotton plantations with slaves. Some felt that slaves would be too frightened and confused to be able to make a living for themselves. What arguments does Fitzhugh use to promote slavery? The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. . The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. Farmer, James O., Jr. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. Washington, D.C. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? . Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. There is and always has been in an advanced stage of wealth and civilization,a conflict between labor and capital. His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). convince themselves that slavery was morally justifiable. 1830s. 255-268. Because of this perceived threat to southern society, Calhoun argued that states could nullify federal laws. It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. Theological justification from their ministers allowed them to believe that not only did God sanction slavery, but slaverys supporters were better Christians and more faithful interpreters of Biblical text than were their opponents. The slave-owning class was small, but it was supported by the overwhelming majority of churches and ministers., Considering they saw themselves as doing Gods work, white Southerners were shocked by the military defeat of the Confederacy. where were the majority of the free blacks? Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. Figure 2. Figure 1. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. . This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). Escaped from slavery to become one of the most Sold tons of land to newcomers. Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they, they wanted to be slaveholders themselves. 2023 . Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. Wilson, Charles Reagan. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? I appeal to facts. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. The cover of the Saturday, April 23, 1831 edition of The Liberator, a Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist newspaper. Powerful southerners like South Carolinian John C. Calhounhighlighted laws like the Tariff of 1828 as evidence of the Norths desire to destroy the southern economy and, by extension, its culture. . Won an exemption from the Mexican law prohibiting slavery. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. 7879). His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. . Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. 6 (June 1860): 401409. Abolitionist Movement - Definition & Famous Abolitionists - History At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. He is but a grown up child and must be governed as a child . By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. If the South Had Won the Civil War, Slavery Could Have Lasted Until the 20th Century. The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North. White southerners reacted strongly to abolitionists attacks on slavery. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists Slaves were needed for farming mostly, and agriculture is the South's forte. . Published in 1994 Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. All Rights Reserved. . Baptist and Methodist churches had opposed slaveholding members in the early years of the Republic. . Stringfellow, Thornton. If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. In the New England states, many Americans viewed slavery as a shameful legacy with no place in modern society. In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? System that fed slaves to the Cotton South. A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. White southerners keen on preserving the institution of slavery bristled at what they perceived to be northern attempts to deprive them of their livelihood. "(Wilson 1980, p. 40). Chapter 11 Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. She or he will best know the preferred format. . It declared that any property used by the Confederate military, including slaves, could be confiscated by Union forces. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. Agassizs notion gained widespread popularity in the 1850s with the 1854 publication of George Gliddon and Josiah Notts Types of Mankind and other books. He says slavery was a patriarchal institution So were polygamy & circumcision. did many blacks want to move back to Africa? . D. They wanted a gradual end to slavery in the South. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. Woolman, John yes; the south grew half the world's cotton, it was half of the US' exports, 20% of the population was involved in it, and 20% of the English economy was textile production. Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. The journeys of Yancey and Slidell show how hard it is to divide the United States simply into North and South, slave and free. What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. Adger chose instead to forego his missionary work overseas and to focus closer to home, where he could be of benefit to the slaves and their owners (White 1911, pp. Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? . One of the clearest documents highlighting this and other important aspects of the complex relationship between slavery and religion is the sermon delivered by Benjamin Morgan Palmer. In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy? Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. During the war, Confederate soldiers were optimistic about the prospects for the survival of the Confederacy and the institution of slavery well into 1864. The Irony of Southern Religion. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? The Confederate version used the word slaves, unlike the U.S. Constitution. what was the American Colonization Society? The Economic Impact of Slavery Flashcards | Quizlet Encyclopedia.com. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). What were financial incentives for slavery in the South (products, share of global market) JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. an organization founded in 1817 to move blacks to Africa, it was a nation founded in 1822 on the West African coast as a haven for former slaves; 15,000 blacks moved there over 40 years. Was the Conspiracy That Gripped New York in 1741 Real? How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the U.S. Constitution? In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. Moreover, slavery had gained new vitality when an extremely profitable cotton-based agriculture developed in the South in the early 19th century. One of the most prominent Southern Presbyterian preachers of the time, James Henley Thornwell (18121862), pointedly referred to the conflict at hand as being "not merely [between] abolitionists and slaveholdersthey are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, jacobins [the radical party in the French Revolution, responsible for the Reign of Terror of 17931794] on the one side, and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the other" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. Moreover, many prominent Southern ministers made special efforts to provide religious instruction to slaves, whether in church or on their own plantations. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. sig= showed the extensive process of the slave trade, and what a valuable resource slaves were. . In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. Founder of Texas. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. White southerners responded by putting forth arguments in defense of slavery, their way of life, and their honor. Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. Members of this group fully supported slavery. Unable to find cheap labor from other sources, white settlers increasingly turned to slaves imported from Africa. The split between Northern and Southern religious leaders began well before the start of the Civil War. Later, U.S. victory in the Mexican War of 1846-1848 brought the nation vast new acreage in the West. Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escapedenslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. Encyclopedia.com. The Methodist Church, which had been founded in part on antislavery principles, followed suit in 1844 with the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Boles 1994, pp. Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). "The Slavery Apologists . This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. This is important because it shows that slaves were always considered property and could not escape to the North. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. . Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. 1860; there were about 4 million slaves and 500,000 free blacks. They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. That, suggests. George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. Biblical Reasons. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. he continues. In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? The tariff appeared to open the door for other federal initiatives, including the abolition of slavery. Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. Southerners, in contrast, were quiet, gentle, thoughtful, and given on occasion to "flights of genius" (p. 406). Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a fugitive enslaved person.
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